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Cybersecurity is a very broad term. I feel that techtarget.com does an excellent job in describing what cybersecurity is all about.

Cybersecurity is the body of technologies, processes and practices designed to protect networks, computers, programs and data from attack, damage or unauthorized access. In a computing context, security includes both cybersecurity and physical security.

However, in this post, I will be discussing how cybersecurity is integrated into our daily life.

Let’s start off with HTTPS.

## Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)

We are familiar that the “s” at the back refers to secure.

To simplify, it means that data that are being transferred between the browser and the web server is encrypted.

You are probably asking. What is encryption?

Encryption is the process of transforming normal text to gibberish-like text:

Uv gurer! Jung lbh ner frrvat abj vf gur qrpelcgrq irefvba bs gur cynvagrkg.

Now head over to this website and enter the above message.

The above is what we call Caeser Cipher. This cipher is taught to students who are first introduced to Cryptography.

In fact, this site is using AES_128_GCM for its encryption cipher.

On Google Chrome, press on the F12 key. Then click on the Security tab located at the top.

So how is this useful?

Imagine you are in Starbucks, connected to their Wi-Fi and you are logging into a banking website.

If the banking website did not implement SSL, your password would be submitted in plain text and anyone in the same network is able to sniff the traffic using tools like Wireshark to find out your password. These attacks are commonly known as Man-in-the-Middle attacks.

Source: https://www.incapsula.com

Since we are on the issue on password, let’s discuss this in the next section.

### Passwords are not stored as plaintext

For example, if I have the password in plaintext [email protected]$$w0Rd and this is stored in the application’s database. Wouldn’t the database administrator have access to your password? Instead 11a8e341603af273205adc2e283c43da is stored rather than [email protected]$$w0Rd.

Hashes are math operations meant to be computed in one way but difficult in reverse. This means that to decrypt a hash, the computing power required is increased exponentially.

11a8e341603af273205adc2e283c43da is an example of the output of a hashing algorithm. There are many types of hashes (the one we used was a MD5 hash, and it is considered to be insecure) and with the increase of computing power available to the consumer market, newer hashing algorithm makes its even more difficult to reverse the hash.

If that’s the case, how would an application know if you are the legitimate user since they can’t compare the password you typed with the hashed passwords?

Well, they could do the comparison by performing the same hashing algorithm on the password that you typed to log in.

Great. Now even if a hacker were to access the database he won’t be able to see my password right?

Not quite so.

### The same passwords are actually not the same

What if two user uses the same password? All the hacker have to do is to decrypt one hash and he is able to gain access to multiple accounts same passwords.

There is also another problem.

What happens if you use the same password for all the accounts you created online? By obtaining just one password hash, I could easily compare it with other hashes from data breaches and look out for the same exact hash.

This is where salts come about.

Salts are random strings of characters appended to the back of your password.

The appending of salts are done before going through the hashing algorithm. This way even if two users have the same password, they will have a different password hash.

Here is a great illustration by Wordfence of how a salted-hash password is generated.

By having a salted-hashed password, we can conclude the following:

2. Two exact same password produces different hashes meaning no one could identify the existence of the same password.

So the next time when you click “Forgot my password” and you see something like this. Consider avoiding the service.

Passwords are like underwear: you don’t let people see it, you should change it often, and you shouldn’t share it with strangers.

In the past, I used to have some issues remembering my password. I followed the usual advice of not having the same password and I find myself hitting the “Forgot your password” button every so often.

I then came up with a format type of password. For example,

Last 2 letter of favorite actor     first 2 letter of maiden name     2 symbols     last 2 characters of domain name

With the format, I came out with the following password: totE!`eo. This way I can better manage my password for different websites.

To solve this problem, I started using password managers to help me generate and save my password.

### Security question

Security questions such as first pet’s name and best childhood friend are no longer secretive ever since social media bloomed. We constantly throw out information about ourselves that we unknowingly give away the answers to our secret question.

My solution to this is to give a different answer to the question. For example, if I were to choose the question “Who was your best childhood friend?” I would enter the answer “maryhadalittlelamb”.

I could literally give you the password to my facebook account right now and you still can’t have access. This is all thanks to Two-Factor Authentication (2FA).

The 2 factors are:

2. What I have (Token)

By giving you my password, you could easily get pass the first factor. However, you are unable to get pass the second factor which is the token. These token could easily be generated using an application like Google Authenticator or Authy provided that the web application supports 2FA.

In large companies where physical security is a concern, 2FA is also used. The first factor is usually a pin or code of some sort to cover the “what I know” aspect and second factor could be in a form of NFC card or Biometric scanner to cover the “what I have” aspect.

## Different names for different virus

First of all, virus is the wrong term for generalization. In fact, virus is a sub-set of a larger group call Malware(malicious software) which also includes trojan, adware, worm, rootkit and ransomware. Terms are given according to their properties and how they behave. This is to allow the infosec sector to differentiate and reference the correct malware type.

For example, if you were to send a screenshot of the following to an IT security consultant.

Source: http://www.bbc.com

He could immediately identify its a ransomware and advise you based on his expertise on ransomware or direct you to resources about ransomware.

To understand more about the different types of malware you can read more here.

## Getting paid to hack

Not every hacker hides in a basement wearing a hoodie. Infosec consultants are working professionals hired to “hack”(or what we like to say, find vulnerabilities in) websites. This process is known as penetration testing where explicit terms and conditions are drafted to ensure that the consultant has every right to test your system legally.

The engagement usually ends off with a report or debrief to the management and it may also include the assistance of fixing the security bugs.

There is another group call bug bounty hunters and they find security bugs online for bounties. Platforms such as hackerone and bugcrowd are created to facilitate the reporting and triaging of bug.

Since more and more companies are participating in bug bounty programs, bounties are awarded almost everyday.

As of 26th Feb 2017, \$1,634,291 was paid out to participants. Considering the fact that hackerone was launched in 2012, the amount paid out within that 5 years is tremendous.

## Domain Name, your personal data is at risk

In my previous post, I discussed the considerations before starting a website which includes your domain name.

During the registration of a domain name, you are required to fill in contact details such as registrant contact, admin contact and tech contact. Most people include their personal addresses without knowing that it will be on the internet.

Here is an example of the domain lookup for edricteo.com

I have subscribed to WhoisGuard by Namecheap therefore, the details are not my actual addresses.

How does someone get in contact with me then?

You will still receive emails if someone contacts you via the generated email above.

So remember, if you were to create a blog. Remember to look up your own domain.

## You are being tracked all the time

Right now as you are reading this you are being tracked by Google and New Relic.

Information is power

Tracking is required to collect data for improvements. For example, Google allows webmasters to implement Google Analytics on their website so that they can track their audience. By doing so, it gives the content creator a better sense of his audience and could alter his content to better serve their audience.

You can prevent such tracking by installing add-ons such as Ghostery, Privacy Badger or simply disable scripts. However, I won’t recommend doing so as it may affect your browsing experience.

That’s all for this post as I attempt to illustrate certain cybersecurity concepts that affect you directly.

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